Critical Thinking Reading And Writing 10th Edition
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Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing
A Brief Guide to ArgumentTenth Edition ©2020
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing is a brief yet versatile resource for teaching argument, persuasive writing, and research. It makes argument concepts clear and gives students strategies to move from critical thinking and analysis to crafting effective arguments. Comprehensive covera...
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing is a brief yet versatile resource for teaching argument, persuasive writing, and research. It makes argument concepts clear and gives students strategies to move from critical thinking and analysis to crafting effective arguments. Comprehensive coverage of classic and contemporary approaches to argument — Aristotelian, Toulmin, Rogerian, visual argument, and more — provides a foundation for nearly 50 readings on current issues, such as student loan forgiveness and gun violence, topics that students will want to engage with and debate. For today's ever-increasingly visual learners who are challenged to separate what's real from what's not, new activities and visual flowcharts support information literacy, and newly annotated readings highlight important rhetorical moves. This affordable guide can stand alone or supplement a larger anthology of readings.
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Affordable strategies for critical thinking and academic argument.
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing is a brief yet versatile resource for teaching argument, persuasive writing, and research. It makes argument concepts clear and gives students strategies to move from critical thinking and analysis to crafting effective arguments. Comprehensive coverage of classic and contemporary approaches to argument — Aristotelian, Toulmin, Rogerian, visual argument, and more — provides a foundation for nearly 50 readings on current issues, such as student loan forgiveness and gun violence, topics that students will want to engage with and debate. For today's ever-increasingly visual learners who are challenged to separate what's real from what's not, new activities and visual flowcharts support information literacy, and newly annotated readings highlight important rhetorical moves. This affordable guide can stand alone or supplement a larger anthology of readings.
An affordable, yet comprehensive and flexible, book for teaching critical thinking and argument. Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing shows students how to recognize and evaluate assumptions and apply critical thinking and reading skills to writing argumentative essays — and does so in a concise, affordable format.
An impressive range of perspectives on argument. Early chapters give students a vocabulary for argument — thesis, claim, validity, appeal, evidence, and more — in both text and visual genres. A unique section introduces students to the following approaches to argument: philosophical (the Toulmin model); logical (deduction, induction, fallacies); psychological (Rogerian); literary; and oral argument and debate.
Readings on current issues that provide material for an entire course. Nearly 50 readings throughout the book (including eight student essays) showcase argument and inspire student analysis and response. Topics include gun control, free speech, gender equality in the military, esports, student loan debt, and more.
Activities that engage critical thinking and allow students to experiment with argument techniques. "Thinking Critically" activities throughout the text give students practice in analyzing and constructing arguments, focusing on skills such as generating topics, defining terms and concepts, narrowing a thesis, and using transitions in argument.
Visual, student-friendly design. Colorful features make the book visually appealing and easy to navigate. Seventy visuals such as ads, cartoons, photographs, and Web pages provide both occasions for critical inquiry and a lively, up-to-date look.
New to This Edition
Now two casebooks — one on a current issue and one on an enduring topic of inquiry — foreground issues that matter to students and make for an engaging classroom. Inspired by feedback from instructors teaching argument, this edition now features a casebook on an issue relevant to students' lives now — "A College Education: What Is its Purpose?" — as well as a collection of perspectives from philosophy, literature, and politics on "What Is the Ideal Society?"
Fresh and timely new readings. More than a third of the featured arguments throughout the text are new and cover even more topics of current interest:
- Nausicaa Renner exposes the logical fallacy of calling a position "common sense" in "How Do You Explain the 'Obvious'?"
- Suzanne Nossel argues in "The Pro-Free Speech Way to Fight Fake News" that the best way to counter exceedingly partisan media and fraudulent stories is to give consumers the tools to think critically.
- Kwame Anthony Appiah cautions against granting too much authority to collective identities in "Go Ahead, Speak for Yourself."
A sharper focus on fostering information literacy. Early chapters on critical reading and writing are updated to include topics such as confirmation bias, and Chapter 7, "Using Sources" is modernized to help students interrogate their sources for reliability, relevance, and accuracy. New sections such as "Why Finding Reliable Internet Sources Is So Challenging" understand that digital natives seek and find information online and provides instruction and visual examples of sponsored content, fake news sites, and scholarly databases so students can evaluate and use research effectively.
New Visual Guides that jumpstart critical thinking. Graphics and flow charts replace dense text to aid students in designing their own paths through common argument tasks such as writing a critical summary and organizing an analysis.
Annotated essays that make argument moves visible. In addition to the student essays that are marked to show the writers' strategies, this edition features several selections by professional writers that provide support for understanding argument during the reading process and highlight writers' rhetorical moves and persuasive strategies.
Even more topics on critical thinking and reading. New sections include a "Survey, Analyze, and Evaluate" process for working through an issue, an understanding of "Obstacles to Critical Thinking," and strategies for "Approaching an Issue (or an Assignment)."
Writing prompts that support major course assignments. Each chapter on critical thinking, reading, and writing now features a capstone writing prompt that allows students to practice argument in common assignment genres.
"Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing reveals the mechanics of thought behind the very active processes of reading and writing. This guide is an excellent foundation for argument—from inception to final presentation."
— Meghan Tutolo, University of Pittsburgh at Greensburg"I have been using Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing ever since I began teaching at my current college for the past ten years. After reviewing many possible contenders, this textbook has the most intriguing and engaging articles and a great review of essential skills of thinking, reading, and writing critically."
— Jeffrey Nishimura, Los Angeles City College
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Table of Contents
Preface
PART ONE: CRITICAL THINKING AND READING
1 Critical Thinking
Thinking through an Issue
Analyzing and Evaluating from Multiple Perspectives
Survey, Analyze, and Evaluate the Issue
Visual Guide: Evaluating a Proposal
Obstacles to Critical Thinking
Anticipating Counterarguments
Critical Thinking at Work: From a Cluster to a Short Essay
ALEXA CABRERA, Stirred and Strained: Pastafarians Should Be Allowed to Practice in Prison (annotated student essay)
Generating Ideas: Writing as a Way of Thinking
Confronting Unfamiliar Issues
Using Clustering to Discover Ideas
Approaching an Issue (or an Assignment)
Prompting Yourself: Classical Topics and Invention
An Essay for Generating Ideas
NINA FEDOROFF, The Genetically Engineered Salmon Is a Boon for Consumers and Sustainability
Thinking Critically: Generating Ideas with Topics
Thinking Critically about the Issue
A Checklist for Critical Thinking
A Short Essay Calling for Critical Thinking
LYNN STUART PARRAMORE, Fitbits for Bosses (annotated)
Examining Assumptions
A Checklist for Examining Assumptions
*HELEN BENEDICT, The Military Has a Man Problem
Assignments for Critical Thinking
2 Critical Reading: Getting Started
Active Reading
Previewing
A Short Essay for Previewing Practice
Thinking Critically: Previewing
SANJAY GUPTA, Why I Changed My Mind on Weed
Reading with a Careful Eye: Underlining, Highlighting, Annotating
Reading: Fast and Slow
Defining Terms and Concepts
Summarizing and Paraphrasing
A Checklist for a Paraphrase
Patchwriting and Plagiarism
Strategies for Summarizing
Critical Summary
Visual Guide: Writing a Critical Summary
A Short Essay for Summarizing Practice
SUSAN JACOBY, A First Amendment Junkie (annotated)
A Checklist for a Summary
Essays for Analysis
GWEN WILDE, Why the Pledge of Allegiance Should Be Revised (annotated student essay)
ZACHARY SHEMTOB and DAVID LAT, Executions Should Be Televised
A Casebook for Critical Reading: Should Some Kinds of Speech Be Censored?
*SUZANNE NOSSEL, The Pro-Free Speech Way to Fight Fake News
CHARLES R. LAWRENCE III, On Racist Speech
Assignments for Critical Reading
3 Critical Reading: Getting Deeper into Arguments
Persuasion, Argument, and Rhetorical Appeals
Visual Guide: Evaluating Persuasive Appeals
Thinking Critically: Identifying Ethos
Reason, Rationalization, and Confirmation Bias
Types of Reasoning
Induction
Deduction
Premises and Syllogisms
Some Procedures in Argument
Definitions
Assumptions
Evidence: Experimentation, Examples, Authoritative Testimony, and Numerical Data
Thinking Critically: Authoritative Testimony
A Checklist for Evaluating Statistical Evidence
Nonrational Appeals
Satire, Irony, Sarcasm
Emotional Appeals
Thinking Critically: Nonrational Appeals
Does All Writing Contain Arguments?
A Checklist for Analyzing an Argument
An Example: An Argument and a Look at the Writer's Strategies
*JOHN TIERNEY, The Reign of Recycling (annotated)
Arguments for Analysis
*KWAME ANTHONY APPIAH, Go Ahead, Speak for Yourself
*NAUSICAA RENNER, How Do You Explain The "Obvious?"
ANNA LISA RAYA, It's Hard Enough Being Me (student essay)
RONALD TAKAKI, The Harmful Myth of Asian Superiority
JAMES Q. WILSON, Just Take Away Their Guns
*BERNIE SANDERS, We Must Make Public Colleges and Universities Tuition Free
Assignments for Critical Reading
4 Visual Rhetoric: Thinking about Images as Arguments
Uses of Visual Images
Types of Emotional Appeals
Seeing versus Looking: Reading Advertisements
A Checklist for Analyzing Images
Levels of Images
Visual Guide: Analyzing Images
Documenting Reality: Reading Photographs
A Word on "Alternative Facts"
Accommodating, Resisting, and Negotiating the Meaning of Images
Are Some Images Not Fit to Be Shown?: Politics and Pictures
An Argument on Publishing Images
Writing about Political Cartoons
Thinking Critically: Analysis of a Political Cartoon
A Checklist for Analyzing Political Cartoons
An Example: A Student's Essay Analyzing Images
*RYAN KWON, The American Pipe Dream? (annotated student essay)
Visuals as Aids to Clarity: Maps, Graphs, and Pie Charts
A Word on Misleading or Manipulative Visual Data
A Checklist for Charts and Graphs
Using Visuals in Your Own Paper
Additional Images for Analysis
DOROTHEA LANGE, Migrant Mother
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, World War II Recruitment Poster
NORA EPHRON, The Boston Photographs
Assignments in Visual Rhetoric
Part Two CRITICAL WRITING
5 Writing an Analysis of an Argument
Analyzing an Argument
Examining The Author's Thesis
Examining The Author's Purpose
Examining The Author's Methods
Examining The Author's Persona
Examining The Author's Audience
A Checklist for Analyzing an Author's Intended Audience
Organizing Your Analysis
Visual Guide: Organizing Your Analysis
Summary versus Analysis
A Checklist for Analyzing a Text
An Argument, Its Elements, And a Student's Analysis of the Argument
NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF, For Environmental Balance, Pick Up a Rifle
Thinking Critically: Examining Language to Analyze an Author's Argument
The Essay Analyzed
*THERESA CARCALDI, For Sound Argument, Drop The Jokes: How Kristof Falls Short in Convincing His Audience (annotated student essay)
An Analysis of the Student's Analysis
A Checklist for Writing an Analysis of an Argument
Arguments for Analysis
JEFF JACOBY, Bring Back Flogging
*MATTHEW WALTHER, Sorry, Nerds: Video Games Are Not a Sport
JUSTIN CRONIN, Confessions of a Liberal Gun Owner
*CARL SAFINA, Never Mind Theory
Assignment for Writing an Analysis of an Argument
6 Developing an Argument of Your Own
Planning an Argument
Getting Ideas: Argument as an Instrument of Inquiry
Three Brainstorming Strategies: Freewriting, Listing, and Diagramming
Revision as Invention
Asking Questions with Stasis Theory
Considering Evidence
The Thesis or Main Point
A Checklist for a Thesis Statement
Thinking Critically: Walking the Tightrope
Imagining an Audience
The Audience as Collaborator
Addressing Opposition and Establishing Common Ground
A Checklist for Imagining an Audience
Drafting and Revising Argument
The Title
The Opening Paragraphs
Organizing the Body of the Essay
Visual Guide: Organizing Your Argument
The Ending
Thinking Critically: Using Transitions in Argument
Uses of an Outline
A Checklist for Organizing an Argument
Tone and the Writer's Persona
We, One, or I?
Thinking Critically: Eliminating We, One, and I
A Checklist for Establishing Tone and Persona
Avoiding Sexist Language
Peer Review
A Checklist for Peer Review
A Student's Essay, from Rough Notes to Final Version
EMILY ANDREWS, Why I Don't Spare Change (annotated student essay)
Assignment for an Argument of Your Own
7 Using Sources
Why Use Sources?
Entering a Discourse
Understanding Information Literacy
Choosing a Topic
Finding Sources
Visual Guide: Finding Discourse on Your Topic
Finding Quality Information Online
Finding Articles Using Library Databases
Thinking Critically: Using Search Terms
Locating Books
Evaluating Sources
Scholarly, Popular, and Trade Sources
Evaluating Online Sources
Why Finding Reliable Internet Sources Is So Challenging
A Word on "Fake News"
A Checklist for Identifying Fake News
Native Advertising and Branded Content
Considering How Current Sources Are
A Checklist for Evaluating Sources
Performing Your Own Primary Research
Interviewing Peers and Local Authorities
Visual Guide: Conducting Interviews
Conducting Observations
Conducting Surveys
Research in Archives and Special Collections
Synthesizing Sources
Taking Notes
A Note on Plagiarizing
A Checklist for Avoiding Plagiarism
Compiling an Annotated Bibliography
Quoting from Sources
Visual Guide: Integrating Quotations
Thinking Critically: Using Signal Phrases
Documentation
A Note on Footnotes (and Endnotes)
MLA Format: Citations within the Text
MLA Format: The List of Works Cited
APA Format: Citations within the Text
APA Format: The List of References
A Checklist for Critical Papers Using Sources
An Annotated Student Research Paper in MLA Format
LESLEY TIMMERMAN, An Argument for Corporate Responsibility (annotated student essay)
An Annotated Student Research Paper in APA Format
*HANNAH SMITH BROOKS, Does Ability Determine Expertise? (annotated student essay)
Part Three FURTHER VIEWS ON ARGUMENT
8 A Philosopher's View: The Toulmin Model
Visual Guide: The Toulmin Method
Components of the Toulmin Model
The Claim
Grounds
Warrants
Backing
Modal Qualifiers
Rebuttals
Thinking Critically: Constructing a Toulmin Argument
Putting the Toulmin Method to Work: Responding to an Argument
JAMES E. McWILLIAMS, The Locavore Myth: Why Buying from Nearby Farmers Won't Save the Planet
Thinking with Toulmin's Method
A Checklist Using the Toulmin Method
9 A Logician's View: Deduction, Induction, Fallacies
Using Formal Logic for Critical Thinking
Visual Guide: Deduction and Induction
Deduction
Examples of Deduction
Induction
Observation and Inference
Probability
Mill's Methods
Fallacies
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Fallacies of Presumption
Fallacies of Irrelevance
Additional Fallacies
A Checklist for Evaluating an Argument from a Logical Point of View
Thinking Critically: Identifying Fallacies
MAX SHULMAN, Love Is a Fallacy
10 A Psychologist's View: Rogerian Argument
Rogerian Argument: An Introduction
Visual Guide: Rogerian Argument
A Checklist for Analyzing Rogerian Argument
CARL R. ROGERS, Communication: Its Blocking and Its Facilitation
EDWARD O. WILSON, Letter to a Southern Baptist Minister
11 A Literary Critic's View: Arguing about Literature
Interpreting
Judging (or Evaluating)
Theorizing
A Checklist for Arguing about Literature
Examples: Two Students Interpret Robert Frost's "Mending Wall"
ROBERT FROST, Mending Wall
JONATHAN DEUTSCH, The Deluded Speaker in Frost's "Mending Wall" (student essay)
FELICIA ALONSO, The Debate in Robert Frost's "Mending Wall" (student essay)
Reading a Poem and a Story
*RICHARD BLANCO, One Today
KATE CHOPIN, The Story of an Hour
Thinking about the Effects of Literature
PLATO, "The Greater Part of the Stories Current Today We Shall Have to Reject"
12 A Debater's View: Individual Oral Presentations and Debate
Oral Presentations
Methods of Delivery
Audience
A Checklist for an Oral Presentation
Delivery
Content
Formal Debates
Standard Debate Format
A Checklist for Preparing for a Debate
Part Four CASEBOOKS
13 A College Education: What Is Its Purpose?
*ANDREW DELBANCO, 3 Reasons College Still Matters
*CARLO ROTELLA, No, It Doesn't Matter What You Majored In
*EDWARD CONARD, We Don't Need More Humanities Majors
*CHRISTIAN MADSBJERG AND MIKKEL B. RASMUSSEN, We Need More Humanities Majors
*CAROLINE HARPER, HBCUs, Black Women, and STEM Success
14 What Is the Ideal Society?
*THOMAS MORE, From Utopia
*NICCOLÒ MACHIAVELLI, From The Prince
*THOMAS JEFFERSON, The Declaration of Independence
*ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
*MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., I Have a Dream
*W. H. AUDEN, The Unknown Citizen
*EMMA LAZARUS, The New Colossus
*WALT WHITMAN, One Song, America, Before I Go
*URSULA K. LE GUIN, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Index of Authors, Titles, and Terms
Sylvan Barnet
Sylvan Barnet was a professor of English and former director of writing at Tufts University. His several texts on writing and his numerous anthologies for introductory composition and literature courses have remained leaders in their field through many editions. His titles, with Hugo Bedau, include Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.
Hugo Bedau
Hugo Bedau was a professor of philosophy at Tufts University and served as chair of the philosophy department and chair of the university's committee on College Writing. An internationally respected expert on the death penalty, and on moral, legal, and political philosophy, he wrote or edited a number of books on these topics. He co-authored, with Sylvan Barnet, of Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.
John O'Hara
John Fitzgerald O'Hara is an associate professor of Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing at Stockton University, where he is the coordinator of the first-year critical thinking program, and former Director of the Master of Arts in American Studies Program. He regularly teaches writing, critical thinking, and courses in American literature and history and is a nationally-recognized expert on the 1960s. He is the co-author of Current Issues and Enduring Questions; Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing; and From Critical Thinking to Argument.
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Critical Thinking Reading And Writing 10th Edition
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