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How Many Animals In The United States Slaughtered For Food

Written By Saturday, June 25, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Killing of animals for human food

The Butcher and his Retainer (1568), fatigued and engraved by Jost Amman

Number of Land Animals Killed for Meat in 2019[1]
Animals Number Killed
Chickens

72,118,779,000

Ducks

3,311,899,000

Pigs

1,348,541,419

Geese

723,648,000

Turkeys

635,955,000

Rabbits

633,013,000

Sheep

602,319,130

Goats

502,808,495

Cattle

324,518,029

Rodents

seventy,977,000

Pigeons and other birds

46,216,000

Water buffalo

27,692,388

Horses

four,940,693

Camels

two,991,884

Donkeys

1,958,602

Other camelids

967,656

Deers

628,542

Mules

130,804

Animal slaughter is the killing of animals, ordinarily referring to killing domestic livestock. Information technology is estimated that each year 80 billion land animals are slaughtered for food.[1] In general, the animals would be killed for nutrient; still, they might also be slaughtered for other reasons such equally being diseased and unsuitable for consumption. The slaughter involves some initial cutting, opening the major body cavities to remove the entrails and offal but usually leaving the carcass in one slice. Such dressing can be done past hunters in the field (field dressing of game) or in a abattoir. Later, the carcass is usually butchered into smaller cuts.

The animals well-nigh ordinarily slaughtered for food are cattle and water buffalo for beef and veal, sheep for lamb and mutton, goats for goat meat, pigs for pork, deers for venison, horses for horse meat, poultry (mainly chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese), insects (a commercial species is the house cricket), and increasingly, fish in the aquaculture industry (fish farming). In 2020, Faunalytics plant that the countries with the largest number of slaughtered cows and chickens are Prc, the United States, and Brazil. Concerning pigs, they are slaughtered past far the well-nigh in Mainland china, followed by the United States, Federal republic of germany, Kingdom of spain, Vietnam, and Brazil. Looking at the per centum graph for sheep, we observe once more that China slaughtered the virtually sheep, this time followed past Australia and New Zealand. Finally, the amount (in tonnes) of fish used for production is highest in China, Republic of indonesia, Peru, India, Russia, and the United states (in that order).[2]

Modern history [edit]

The use of a sharpened bract for the slaughtering of livestock has been practised throughout history. Prior to the evolution of electric stunning equipment, some species were killed by simply hit them with a blunt instrument, sometimes followed by exsanguination with a knife.[ commendation needed ]

The belief that this was unnecessarily savage and painful to the animal somewhen led to the adoption of specific stunning and slaughter methods in many countries. One of the outset campaigners on the matter was the eminent physician, Benjamin Ward Richardson, who spent many years of his after working life developing more humane methods of slaughter as a result of attempting to discover and adapt substances capable of producing general or local anaesthesia to salve pain in people. As early as 1853, he designed a chamber that could kill animals by gassing them. He as well founded the Model Abattoir Order in 1882 to investigate and campaign for humane methods of slaughter and experimented with the apply of electric current at the Royal Polytechnic Institution.[iii]

The evolution of stunning technologies occurred largely in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1911, the Council of Justice to Animals (later the Humane Slaughter Association, or HSA) was established in England to improve the slaughter of livestock.[4] In the early 1920s, the HSA introduced and demonstrated a mechanical stunner, which led to the adoption of humane stunning past many local government.[5]

The HSA went on to play a key role in the passage of the Slaughter of Animals Act 1933. This made the mechanical stunning of cows and electrical stunning of pigs compulsory, with the exception of Jewish and Muslim meat.[v] [6] Modern methods, such as the convict bolt pistol and electric tongs were required, and the act's wording specifically outlawed the poleaxe. The menses was marked by the development of various innovations in slaughterhouse technologies, non all of them particularly long-lasting.[ citation needed ]

Methods [edit]

Stunning [edit]

Various methods are used to render an animal unconscious during animal slaughter.

Electrical (stunning or slaughtering with electric current known every bit electronarcosis)
This method is used for swine, sheep, calves, cattle, and goats.[ citation needed ] Current is applied either across the brain or the heart to render the animal unconscious before being killed. In industrial slaughterhouses, chickens are killed prior to scalding past existence passed through an electrified h2o-bath while shackled.[7]
Gaseous (Carbon dioxide)
This method tin exist used for sheep, calves and swine. The animal is asphyxiated by the apply of COtwo gas earlier existence killed. In several countries, CO2 stunning is mainly used on pigs. A number of pigs enter a chamber which is then sealed and filled with 80% to xc% CO2 in air. The pigs lose consciousness within 13 to 30 seconds. Older enquiry produced alien results, with some showing pigs tolerated CO2 stunning and others showing they did non.[8] [ix] [10] Notwithstanding, the electric current scientific consensus is that the "inhalation of high concentration of carbon dioxide is aversive and tin can be lamentable to animals."[xi] Nitrogen has been used to induce unconsciousness, often in conjunction with CO2. Domestic turkeys are averse to high concentrations of CO2 (72% COtwo in air) merely not low concentrations (a mixture of xxx% COtwo and sixty% argon in air with 3% residual oxygen).[12]

Stunning a moo-cow with a captive bolt pistol

A hen being slaughtered in Brazil

Mechanical (Captive bolt pistol)
This method can be used for sheep, swine, goats, calves, cattle, horses, mules, and other equines. A captive commodities pistol is practical to the head of the fauna to quickly return them unconscious earlier being killed. There are three types of captive bolt pistols, penetrating, non-penetrating and free bolt. The use of penetrating captive bolts has largely been discontinued in commercial situations to minimize the risk of transmission of affliction when parts of the encephalon enter the bloodstream.[ citation needed ]
Firearm (gunshot/free bullet)
This method can be used for cattle, calves, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules, and other equines. It is also the standard method for taking downwardly wild game animals such as deer with the intention of consuming their meat. A conventional firearm is used to fire a bullet into the brain or through the center of the animal to render the animate being speedily unconscious (and presumably expressionless).

Killing [edit]

Video of hen being slaughtered

Exsanguination
The brute either has its throat cut or has a chest stick inserted cutting close to the centre. In both these methods, main veins and/or arteries are cutting and allowed to bleed.[13] [xiv]
Manual
Used on poultry and other animals; different methods are expert, here are some examples: a) grabbing the bird by the head then snapping its cervix using quick and fast movements b) the bird is put upside down inside a metal funnel, then the caput is either quickly cut or hit using the back end of a machete or pocketknife. c) cattle, sheep and goats are tied and then struck multiple times in the head with a sledgehammer until the animal dies or losses consciousness.
Drug assistants
Drug administration is used to ensure the creature is dead.[ citation needed ] Nevertheless, being that this method is expensive, time-consuming, and renders the animals' bodies toxic and inedible, information technology is mainly used for animal euthanasia, not every bit a commercialized slaughter method.

Preslaughter treatment [edit]

Within a truck transporting subcontract animals to slaughter. Dehydration, injuries, stress, and disease are common during preslaughter ship, and cramped and unhygienic conditions are typical of the process.

Whether animals are humanely stunned before slaughter or not, they can endure stress while waiting to be killed.[15] A 1996 veterinary review found that there are many means in which animals suffer and die during the preslaughter period. They include:

  • Dehydration: Animals may not be provided with water at market or during their journey to the slaughterhouse and may arrive dehydrated. The effects of severe aridity include severe thirst, nausea, a hot-dry out body, dry tongue, loss of co-ordination and concentrated urine of a pocket-size volume.
  • Emotional stress during ship: The unfamiliarity of existence on board a ship truck causes fright in animals, and if they are cooped upward with others who they do not know, they may start fighting. The noise and jolting of the truck also causes stress and cows, pigs, horses and birds are at detail risk of suffering from move sickness.
  • Temperature stress during transport: Some animals die because of the heat that develops in the closely confined conditions on board the transport truck. During transport, animals are non able to express all the behaviors which normally allow them to proceed absurd similar seeking shade, wallowing, licking their fur or stretching their wings and legs. During transport the merely useful way they can misemploy estrus is by panting. In colder climates, the animals can be exposed to extreme depression temperatures, resulting in hypothermia.
  • Torn skin, bruising and injury: Caused past rough handling of animals, such as chirapsia the animals with sticks when they turn down to movement forward or dragging them forth the ground when they fall down. The insults which atomic number 82 to bruising may be painful, and the swelling and inflammation associated with a bruise lead to a longer-lasting pain.
  • Sickness and disease: Farmers vary between countries in their attitude every bit to which sick and diseased animals can be sent for slaughter. Some take the view that the slaughterhouses are expert at salvaging what they tin from carcasses and so most diseased animals are sent in, whereas in other countries farmers appreciate that diseased stock are depression grade and their likely low return does not justify sending them in. Sickness and disease are two of the nearly serious forms of animal suffering and transporting seriously ill animals imposes an additional stress.
  • Fecal soiling: In some countries, particularly where animals come up off lush pasture, transport is the main flow when they pick upwardly torso surface fecal contagion. The emotional stress associated with transport no doubt induces defecation and this compounds the problem.

National laws [edit]

Europe [edit]

A pig being slaughtered in Italy.

The measures for sanitary checks, animal welfare protection and slaughtering procedures are harmonised throughout the European union, and detailed by the European Commissions' regulations CE 853/2004, 854/2004 and 1099/2009.[ commendation needed ]

Canada [edit]

In Canada, the handling and slaughter of food animals is a shared responsibleness of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), industry, stakeholders, transporters, operators and every person who handles live animals. Canadian police requires that all federally registered slaughter establishments ensure that all species of food animals are handled and slaughtered humanely. The CFIA verifies that federal slaughter establishments are compliant with the Meat Inspection Regulations. The CFIA'southward humane slaughter requirements take outcome when the animals arrive at the federally registered slaughter establishment. Industry is required to comply with the Meat Inspection Regulations for all animals under their care. The Meat Inspection Regulations define the conditions for the humane slaughter of all species of nutrient animals in federally registered establishments. Some of the provisions contained in the regulations include:

  • guidelines and procedures for the proper unloading, holding and movement of animals in slaughter facilities
  • requirements for the segregation and handling of sick or injured animals
  • requirements for the humane slaughter of food animals[16]

Great britain [edit]

Fauna slaughter in the UK is governed under both its ain laws and EU constabulary regarding slaughter. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is the main governing body responsible for legislation and codes of do covering animate being slaughter in the UK.[ citation needed ]

In the UK the methods of slaughter are largely the same equally those used in the United states with some differences. The employ of captive bolt equipment and electrical stunning are approved methods of stunning sheep, goats, cattle and calves for consumption[14]- with the use of gas reserved for swine.[17]

Until 2004, information technology was illegal to slaughter animals in sight of their conspecifics (members of the same species) because it was thought to crusade them distress. However, there was a business organisation that moving the animals away from their conspecifics to a different place to exist slaughtered would increase the stun-to-kill fourth dimension (time between stunning the animal and killing it) for the stunned animal, increasing the risk the animate being would regain consciousness and it was consequently recommended that slaughter in front of conspecifics exist permitted alongside a mandatory limit on stun-to-kill time. Legislation was introduced which allowed animals to exist slaughtered in sight of their conspecifics but there was no legislation for a legal maximum stun-to-kill time. Some critics argue that this resulted in the "worst of both worlds", as it mean that the slaughter methods now acquired distress to conspecifics without reliably ensuring the animals were killed before regaining consciousness.[eighteen]

United states [edit]

In the Us, the The states Department of Agriculture (USDA) specifies the approved methods of livestock slaughter:[nineteen]

Each of these methods is outlined in detail, and the regulations require that inspectors place operations which cause "undue" "excitement and discomfort" of animals.

In 1958, the law that is enforced today by the USDA Food Safe and Inspection Service (FSIS) was passed as the Humane Slaughter Deed of 1958. This Act requires the proper treatment and humane handling of all food animals slaughtered in USDA inspected slaughter plants. It does not use to chickens or other birds.[20]

4D Meat [edit]

Meat from animals which are expressionless, diseased, disabled or dying (four-D meat) on the inflow at the slaughterhouse is oftentimes salvaged for rendering,[21] and used by a wide range of industries including pet nutrient manufacturers, zoos, greyhound kennels, and mink ranches.[22]

The U.S. Code (Championship 21, Affiliate 12, Subchapter Ii, § 644) [23] Regulates transactions, transportation, or importation of 4–D animals to prevent apply as homo food:

"No person, firm, or corporation engaged in the business of buying, selling, or transporting in commerce, or importing, dead, dying, disabled, or diseased animals, or any parts of the carcasses of any animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, shall buy, sell, ship, offer for sale or transportation, or receive for transportation, in commerce, or import, whatever dead, dying, disabled, or diseased cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules or other equines, or parts of the carcasses of any such animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, unless such transaction, transportation or importation is made in accordance with such regulations equally the Secretarial assistant may prescribe to assure that such animals, or the unwholesome parts or products thereof, volition be prevented from being used for human nutrient purposes."

The 2004 written report to U.s.a. Congress titled "Animal Rendering: Economic science and Policy",[24] available in the library of Congressional Research Service, in the 'Introduction' paragraph explains Renderers in the US and Canada catechumen dead animals and other waste product material into sellable products:

"Renderers convert dead animals and brute parts that otherwise would require disposal into a diverseness of materials, including edible and inedible tallow and lard and proteins such as meat and bone meal (MBM). These materials in plow are exported or sold to domestic manufacturers of a wide range of industrial and consumer goods such as livestock feed and pet food, soaps, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, plastics, personal care products, and fifty-fifty crayons."

Although some authors have constitute health bug associated with the consumption of 4D meat by certain species in its raw course,[25] or found it potentially chancy,[26] FDA considers it fit for animal consumption:

"Pet food consisting of cloth from diseased animals or animals which have died otherwise than by slaughter, which is in violation of 402(a)(5) volition not ordinarily be actionable, if information technology is not otherwise in violation of the law. It will be considered fit for creature consumption." [27]

Religious laws [edit]

Ritual slaughter is the overarching term accounting for various methods of slaughter used by religions around the world for nutrient product. While keeping religious autonomy, these methods of slaughter, within the United States, are governed by the Humane Slaughter Human action and various organized religion-specific laws, near notably, Shechita and Dhabihah.

Jewish law (Shechita) [edit]

Beast slaughter in Judaism falls in accordance to the religious police force of Shechita. In preparation, the animal being prepared for slaughter must be considered kosher (fit) earlier the human action of slaughter can commence and consumed. The basic law of the Shechita procedure requires the rapid and uninterrupted severance of the major vital organs and vessels. They slit the pharynx, resulting in a quick drop in blood force per unit area, restricting blood to the brain. This precipitous loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to hurting (a requirement held in high regard by most institutions.)[28]

Islamic law (Dhabihah) [edit]

Fauna slaughtering in Islam is in accordance with the Qur'an. To slaughter an animate being is to cause it to laissez passer from a living state to a expressionless state. For the meat to exist lawful (Halal) according to Islam, it must come up from an animal which is a member of a lawful species and it must be ritually slaughtered, i.east. according to the Police force, or the sole code recognized by the grouping every bit legitimate. The animal is killed in means like to the Jewish ritual with the throat being slit (dhabh), resulting in a quick drib in blood pressure, restricting blood to the encephalon. This abrupt loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to hurting (a requirement held in loftier regard by nigh institutions.). The slaughterer must say Bismillah (In the name of Allah/God) before slaughtering the animate being.[29] Blood must be tuckered out of the carcass.[30]

Sikh community (Jhatka) [edit]

The practice of Jhatka in India developed out of the Sikh tradition in accord with the value of Ahimsa (no harm). Sikhs believe that an fauna should be slaughtered quickly and with as little pain as possible in order to reduce bad Karma that may result from such a practice. In India today most establishments will provide both Halal and Jhatka options for dishes containing craven and lamb. Jhakta meat is not widely available outside India. Jhatka meat is also often considered to be the preferred method of slaughter for Sikhs in India and abroad.

Effects on livestock workers [edit]

In 2010, Human being Rights Lookout man described butchery line piece of work in the U.s.a. equally a human being rights crime.[31] Slaughterhouses in the The states usually illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants.[32] [33] In a written report past Oxfam America, slaughterhouse workers were observed not beingness allowed breaks, were often required to clothing diapers, and were paid below minimum wage.[34]

American slaughterhouse workers are three times more likely to endure serious injury than the average American worker.[35] NPR reports that sus scrofa and cattle slaughterhouse workers are virtually seven times more probable to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average.[36] The Guardian reports that on average in that location are two amputations a week involving slaughter-house workers in the United States.[37] On average, i employee of Tyson Foods, the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates a finger or limb per calendar month.[38] The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that over a menstruum of 6 years, in the UK 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents.[39] In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Prophylactic, slaughter-house workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from the constant screams of animals being killed.[40] A 2004 study in the Periodical of Occupational and Ecology Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry.[41]

The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you work in the stick pit [where hogs are killed] for whatsoever period of time—that let'southward [sic] you kill things just doesn't let you care. You may look a hog in the eye that'due south walking effectually in the claret pit with you and think, 'God, that really isn't a bad looking creature.' Y'all may desire to pet it. Pigs down on the kill flooring have come up up to nuzzle me like a puppy. Two minutes later I had to impale them – beat out them to decease with a pipe. I tin can't intendance.

—Gail A. Eisnitz, [42]

The act of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in the people involved.[43] [44] [45] A 2016 study in Organization indicates, "Regression analyses of information from 10,605 Danish workers beyond 44 occupations propose that shambles workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior."[46] In her thesis submitted to and approved by University of Colorado, Anna Dorovskikh states that slaughterhouse workers are "at take chances of Perpetration-Inducted Traumatic Stress, which is a form of posttraumatic stress disorder and results from situations where the concerning subject suffering from PTSD was a causal participant in creating the traumatic situation."[47] A 2009 study past criminologist Amy Fitzgerald indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex activity offenses in comparison with other industries."[48] Every bit authors from the PTSD Journal explicate, "These employees are hired to kill animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the brute standing earlier them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such equally domestic violence, social withdrawal, feet, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD."[49]

Public attitudes [edit]

Even though around ninety% of United states adults regularly swallow meat,[50] almost half of them appear to support a ban on slaughterhouses: in Sentience Found's 2017 survey on attitudes towards brute farming with 1,094 US adults 49% of them "support a ban on mill farming, 47% support a ban on slaughterhouses, and 33% support a ban on brute farming".[51] [52] [53] The 2017 survey was replicated by researchers at the Oklahoma State University, who found similar result. They also got 73% of respondents answering "yes" to the question "Were you lot aware that slaughterhouses are where livestock are killed and processed into meat, such that, without them, you would not be able to swallow meat?".[54] [55]

In the United states of america, many public protest slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early on 1970s by the National Farmers Organisation. Protesting low prices for meat, farmers would kill their own animals in front of media representatives. The carcasses were wasted and not eaten. However, this endeavor backfired considering it angered television audiences to see animals existence needlessly and wastefully killed.[56]

Animal welfare [edit]

There has been controversy over whether or not animals should be slaughtered and over the various methods used. Some people believe sentient beings should not be harmed regardless of the purpose, or that meat product is an insufficient justification for harm.[57]

Religious slaughter laws and practices have e'er been a bailiwick of debate, and the certification and labeling of meat products remain to be standardized. Animal welfare concerns are being addressed to improve slaughter practices past providing more grooming and new regulations. There are differences between conventional and religious slaughter practices, although both have been criticized on grounds of brute welfare. Concerns about religious slaughter focus on the stress caused during the training stages earlier the slaughtering, pain and distress that may be experienced during and after the neck cutting and the worry of a prolonged flow of fourth dimension of lost encephalon part during the points between death and grooming if a stunning technique such equally electronarcosis is not applied.[58]

See also [edit]

  • Creature sacrifice
  • Carnism
  • Controlled-atmosphere killing
  • Fish slaughter
  • Horse slaughter
  • Ike jime, a Japanese method of slaughtering fish
  • Meat
  • Pig slaughter
  • Udhiyyah or Qurbani, the sacrifice of a livestock fauna co-ordinate to Islamic constabulary

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External links [edit]

  • Canada Agricultural Products Human action R.S., 1985, c. 20 (4th Supp.)
  • Humane Slaughter of Livestock Regulations
  • Slovak Sus scrofa Slaughter and Traditional Sausage Making – commodity in English with detailed pictures of a Slovak family unit slaughtering a sus scrofa in the traditional style
  • Live Counter About Slaughtered Animals Worldwide

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_slaughter

Posted by: hydesith1974.blogspot.com

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